Middle East
Grace Acosta
Political- Leaders, state structure, war, diplomacy, courts/laws
- Ottoman empire (Gunpowder Empire)
- Autocratic
- Women helped in politics and manage the empire.
- Bureaucratic elements made their way into government as they were inspired by the Turkish and the Mongols.
- Absorbed the Byzantine Empire.
- They used military technology and their enormous cannons to defeat the Europeans in the battle of Constantinople in 1453.
- Constantinople became the new capital and was named Istanbul.
- Mahmud II established a centralized, absolute monarchy.
- Under the rule of Suleiman, the Ottomans became a naval power.
- Safavid empire (Persia)
- Established their empire in present-day Iran and Iraq.
- Empires remained Islamic and supported by the military.
- The empire continued its use of the devshirme and Janissaries created in the early Ottoman empire.
- They also continued the use of dhimmis in return for the jizya.
- Many different groups continued fighting among the empire.
- There were many religious tensions and economic difficulties.
Economic- Type of system, technology/industry, trade, money, types of businesses
- American food were imported into the Middle East, such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes.
- European merchants supplied the Muslim market with sugar, coffee, and tobacco made in America.
- In the 18th century, foreign trade declined.
- Middle Eastern trade had fallen to European hands.
- Continued their regional trade, but their part in global trading declined.
Religion- Holy books, beliefs, conversion, sin/salvation, deities
- Ottoman empire
- Islam was still the predominant religion.
- They continued their religious toleration as long as the people continued to pay their jizya.
- Safavid empire
- Introduced the Twelver Shiism, which stated that one of the descendant of Muhammad, beginning with Ali, would come back to take power and help spread the true religion.
- Also believed Shah Ismail was an incarnation of Allah.
- Established the Shiite sect of Islam in Iran and Iraq that still exists today.
- Religion was divided among two different branches, the Sunnis and the Shi'as
Society- Family, gender relations, social class, inequalities, lifestyles
- The ruler's mother or mother-in-law or his favorite concubine had special privileges, and just as Chinggis Khan, the rulers of the Ottoman and Safavid empires relied greatly on this women.
- Population didn't increase as greatly as other regions in the world.
- Social Class structure
- 1. Sultan, 2. Government Officials, 3. Regional Officials, 4. General people (merchants, peasants, etc.)
- Harems were established, which were sections in a Muslim home where women lived.
- There were female slaves and women has some rights.
- The practice of veiling women was still in use.
- Many women continued to live a suppressed life in their society.
Intellectual, Innovations, and Invention- Writing, literature, philosophy, math, science, education
- Lack of intellectual pursuit due to the empire's focus on expansion.
- Neglected the larger cultural developments happening in other regions in the world.
- Muslim rulers and their subjects believed they were superior to Europeans and that they had nothing to learn from them.
- Conservative Islamic leaders discouraged the circulation of writings that might pose a threat to the social and cultural development as stated by Islam.
- Military technology
- European warfare technologies were acquired, like cannons and guns.
- Medicine innovations
- Created new navigational tools, and did advanced in astronomy.
Arts and Architecture- Arts, music, dances, buildings
- Architecture reflected imperial majesty.
- Monuments had Byzantine and Islamic elements.
- One of Suleiman's religious complex's used the combination of tall, slender minarets and huge domes supported by half domes that reflects many of the elements seen in the Byzantine church, the Hagia Sophia.
- Mosques
- Minarets
- Geometrical designs and mosaics
- Calligraphy, painting and bookbinding are important elements of Islamic art.
- Use of natural resources such as gold, silver, lapis lazuli, ground cinnabar, orpiment, and malachite, were used to create pigments.
- They used geometrical or vegetal designs, as well as rich floral motifs, arabesques, and cloud bands.
Near Geographic- Location, physical, movement, human/environment, region
- During the Ottoman empire, they expanded their territory.
- Controlled much of southeastern Europe, almost all of the Middle East, and Egypt.
- Istanbul in Anatolia became the empire's capital.
- Egypt was very important to the empire since it was the entrance for Europeans to enter the main trade route in the Indian Ocean.
- Mostly barren lands and desert.
- Major bodies of water include the Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, Red and Arabian Sea.
- Major mountain ranges are the Caucasus mountains located between the Black and Caspian Seas, and the Asir and Hejas mountains along the border of Saudi Arabia with the Red Sea.
- Temperatures are at great extremes in desert regions, but great bodies of water such as the Black and Caspian Seas create a more moderate climate, and there is little to no rainfall.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=early%20modern%20era%20middle%20east&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsharepoint.chiles.leon.k12.fl.us%2Ffaculty%2Fcorderk%2Fapworld%2FPowerPoints%2520Chapters%25202729%2FThe%2520Middle%2520East%2520during%2520the%2520Early%2520Modern%2520Era.ppt&ei=uIxNU_6OOYugsQSDyoCICg&usg=AFQjCNGWibNxwu9pvTWUF2ttlo4Gza-hLw
http://hist106spring2011.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/society-and-culture-in-the-early-modern-middle-east/
http://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ModernWorldHistoryTextbook/Imperialism/section_3/introduction.html
http://wkhurramapwhp6.wikispaces.com/The+Muslim+Empires
http://schoolctr.hebisd.edu/education/page/download.php?fileinfo=bWlkZGxlZWFzdC5wZGY6Ojovd3d3NS9zY2hvb2xzL3R4L2hlYmlzZC9pbWFnZXMvZG9jbWdyLzU4MzNmaWxlNTA3NjAucGRm§iondetailid=41143
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isbk/hd_isbk.htm
http://hist106spring2011.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/society-and-culture-in-the-early-modern-middle-east/
http://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ModernWorldHistoryTextbook/Imperialism/section_3/introduction.html
http://wkhurramapwhp6.wikispaces.com/The+Muslim+Empires
http://schoolctr.hebisd.edu/education/page/download.php?fileinfo=bWlkZGxlZWFzdC5wZGY6Ojovd3d3NS9zY2hvb2xzL3R4L2hlYmlzZC9pbWFnZXMvZG9jbWdyLzU4MzNmaWxlNTA3NjAucGRm§iondetailid=41143
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isbk/hd_isbk.htm